Primum non nocere: Technologically advanced non-invasive pheromone traps for sustainable monitoring of the European threatened hermit beetles Osmoderma barnabita / eremita (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Main Article Content

Laura Taube
Uldis Valainis
Maksims Balalaikins
Valdis Mizers
Alvydas Gintaras
Dmitry Telnov


Keywords : Insect monitoring, cost efficiency, remote, smart, threatened species, innovative
Abstract

A smart pheromone trap designed for the monitoring of Osmoderma barnabita / eremita has been successfully developed and testedin situ. The trap's design and operational principles allowa photo-recording of the capture moment and logging parameters of air temperature and humidity at the moment of capture. These dataare then seamlessly transmitted to a server via mobile network. The adaptability of environmental parameter recording allows customization to suit specific requirements of a given study. Rigorous testing of these traps within three Natura 2000 sites in Latvia in 2003has substantiated their robust performance and efficiency. Notably, the traps exhibit versatility and can be modified and tailored for monitoring various insect species, utilizing both pheromones and lures as attractants. This innovation holds promise for advancing ecological research and monitoring endeavours pertaining to diverse insect populations.

Article Details

References

Alexander K.N.A. 2008. Tree biology and saproxylic Coleoptera: Issues of definitions and conservation language. In: Vignon, V., Asmode, J.F. (Eds.): Proceedings of the 4th Symposium and Workshop on the Conservation of Saproxylic Beetles, held in Vivoin, Sarthe Department – France 27-29 June 2006. Revue d’Ecologie (Terre Vie), supplement 10: 9‒13.

Audisio P., Brustel H., Carpaneto G.M., Coletti G., Mancini E., Piatella E., Trizzino M., Dutto M., Antonini G.,

De Biase A. 2007. Updating the taxonomy and distribution of the European Osmoderma, and strategies for their conservation. Fragmenta entomologica Roma. 39: 73–290. https://doi.org/10.4081/fe.2007.124.

Audisio P., Brustel H., Carpaneto G.M., Coletti G., Mancini E., Trizzino M., Antonini G., Biase A. 2009. Data on molecular taxonomy and genetic diversification of the European Hermit beetles, a species complex of endangered insects (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae, Osmoderma). Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 47: 88–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0469.2008.00475.x

Audisio P., Alonso Zarazaga M., Slipinski A., Nilsson A., Jelínek J., Taglianti A., Turco F., Otero C., Canepari C., Kral D., Liberti G., Sama G., Nardi G., Löbl I., Horak J., Kolibac J., Háva J., Sapiejewski M., Jäch M., Bologna M., Biondi M., Nikitsky N., Mazzoldi P., Zahradnik P., Wegrzynowicz P., Constantin R., Gerstmeier R., Zhantiev R., Fattorini S., Tomaszewska W., Rücker W., Vazquez-Albalate X., Cassola F., Angelini F., Johnson C., Schawaller W., Regalin R., Baviera C., Rocchi S., Cianferoni F., Beenen R., Schmitt M., Sassi D., Kippenberg H., Zampetti M., Trizzino M., Chiari S., Carpaneto G., Sabatelli S., de Jong Y. 2015. Fauna Europaea: Coleoptera 2 (excl. series Elateriformia, Scarabaeiformia, Staphyliniformia and superfamily Curculionoidea). Biodiversity Data Journal. 3. e4750. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.3.e4750

Barbour J. D., Millar J. G., Rodstein J., Ray A. M., Alston D. G., Rejzek M., Dutcher J. D., Hanks L. M. 2011. Synthetic 3,5-dimethyldodecanoic acid serves as a general attractant for multiple species of Prionus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 104: 588–593.

Bezborodov V. G. 2016. The Genus Osmoderma (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Trichiinae) in Siberia and the Russian Far East. Entomological Review. 95: 1088–1098. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0013873815080151.

Bezděk A. 2016. Subfamily Cetoniinae Leach, 1815: 367–412. In: Löbl, I., Löbl, D. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Volume 3. Scarabaeoidea - Scirtoidea – Dascilloidea - Buprestoidea - Byrrhoidea. Revised and updated edition. Brill, Leiden & Boston. pp. XXVIII + 983.

Bjerge K., Sepstrup M.V., Nielsen J. B., Helsing F., Hoye T. T. 2020. A lighttrap and computer vision system to detect and classify live moths (Lepidoptera) using tracking and deep learning. bioRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.18.996447.

Bouget C., Brustel H., Brin A., Valladares L. 2009. Evaluation of window flight traps for effectiveness at monitoring dead wood-associated beetles: the effect of ethanol lure under contrasting environmental conditions. Agricultural and Forest Entomology. 11: 143–152. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-9563.2008.00400.x.

Breckheimer I., Haddad N.M., Morris W.F., Trainor A.M., Fields W.R., Jobe R.T., Hudgens B.R., Moddy A., Walters J.R. 2014. Defining and Evaluating the Umbrella Species Concept for Conserving and Restoring Landscape Connectivity. Conservation Biology. 28: 1584–1594.https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12362.

Brockerhoff E.G., Corley J.C., Jactel H., Miller D.R., Rabaglia R.J., Sweeney J. 2023. Monitoring and Surveillance of Forest Insects. In: Allison, D.J., Paine, T.D., Slippers, B., Wingfield, M.J. (Eds.) Forest Entomology and Pathology. Springer. Cham. pp. 669–705. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11553-0_19.

Butchart S.H.M, Walpole W., Collen B., van Strien A., Scharlemann J.P.W., Almond R.E.A., Baillie J.E.M., Bomhard B., Brown C., Bruno J., Carpenter K.E., Carr G.M., Chanson J., Chenery A.M., Csirke J., Davidson N.C., Dentener F., Foster M., Galli A., Galloway J.N., Genovesi P., Gregory R.D., Hockings M., Kapos V., Lamarque J.-P., Leverington F., Loh J., Mcgeoch M.A., Mcrae L., Minasyan A., Morcillo M.H., Oldfield T.E.E., Pauly D., Quader S., Revenga C., Sauer J.R., Skolnik B., Spear D., Stanwell-Smith D., Stuart S.N., Symes A., Tierney M., Tyrrell T.D., Vié J.-C., Watson R. 2010. Global Biodiversity: Indicators of Recent Declines. Science. 328: 1164–1168. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1187512.

Cálix M., Alexander K.N.A., Nieto A., Dodelin B., Soldati F., Telnov D., Vazquez-Albalate X., Aleksandrowicz O., Audisio P., Istrate P., Jansson N., Legakis A., Liberto A., Makris C., Merkl O., Mugerwa Pettersson R., Schlaghamersky J., Bologna M.A., Brustel H., Buse J., Novák V., Purchart, L. 2018. European Red List of Saproxylic Beetles. Brussels, Belgium. IUCN. pp. 19. http://www.iucnredlist.org/initiatives/europe/publications (accessed 01.11.2023).

Cardim Ferreira Lima M., de Almeida D., Leandro M. E., Valero C., Pereira Coronel L. C., Gonçalves Bazzo C. O. 2020. Automatic detection and monitoring of insect pests - a review. Agriculture. 10:161. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10050161.

Caro T., O’Doherty G. 1999 On the use of surrogate species in conservation biology. Conservation Biology. 13: 805–814.

Carpaneto G.M., Mazziotta A., Coletti G., Luiselli L., Audisio P. 2010. Conflict between insect conservation and public safety: the case study of a saproxylic beetle (Osmodermaeremita) in urban parks. Journal of Insect Conservation. 14: 555–565. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-010-9283-5.

Chen M., Chen L., Yi T., Zhang R., Xia L., Qu C., Xu G., Wang W., Ding C., Tang Q. et al. 2023. Development of a Low-PowerAutomatic Monitoring System for Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith). Agriculture. 13, 843.

Daily G. 1997. Nature's Services. Societal dependence on natural ecosystems. Island Press, Washington (DC). 392.

Dirzo R., Young H.S., Galetti M., Ceballos G., Isaac N.J.B., Collen B. 2014. Defaunation in the Anthropocene. Science. 345: 401–406. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1251817.

Driscoll D. A. 2010. Few beetle species can be detected with 95% confidence using pitfall traps. Austral Ecology. 35: 13–23.

Eliasson P., Nilsson S.G. 2002. ‘You should hate young oaks and young noble man’. The environmental history of oaks in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Sweden. Entomologisk Tidskrift. 121: 225–239.

Gago R., Allison J. D., McElfresh J. S., Haynes K. F., McKenney J., Guerrero A., Millar J. G. 2013. A tetraene aldehyde as the major sex pheromone component of the promethea moth (Callosamia promethea (Drury)). Journal of Chemical Ecology. 39:1263–1272.

Hanks L. M., Millar J. G. 2016. Sex and aggregation-sex pheromones of cerambycid beetles: basic science and practical applications. Journal of Chemical Ecology. 42: 631–654. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-016-0733-8.

Hochkirch A., Bilz M., Ferreira C.C., Danielczak A., Allen D., Nieto A., Rondinini C., Harding K., Hilton-Taylor C., Pollock C.M., Seddon M., Vié J.-C., Alexander K.N.A., Beech E., Biscoito M., Braud Y., Burfield I.J., Buzzetti F.M., Cálix M., Carpenter K.E., Chao N.L., Chobanov D., Christenhusz M.J.M., Collette B.B., Comeros-Raynal M.T., Cox N., Craig M., Cuttelod A., Darwall W.R.T., Dodelin B., Dulvy N.K., Englefield E., Fay M.F., Fettes N., Freyhof J., García S., García Criado M., Harvey M., Hodgetts N., Ieronymidou C., Kalkman V.J., Kell S.P., Kemp J., Khela S., Lansdown R.V., Lawson J.M., Leaman D.J., Magos Brehm J., Maxted N., Miller R.M., Neubert E., Odé B., Pollard D., Pollom R., Pople R., Presa Asensio J.J., Ralph G.M., Rankou H., Rivers M., Roberts S.P.M., Russell B., Sennikov A., Soldati F., Staneva A., Stump E., Symes A., Telnov D., Temple H., Terry A., Timoshyna A., van Swaay C., Väre H., Walls R.H.L., Willemse L., Wilson B., Window J., Wright E.G.E., Zuna-Kratky T. 2023. A multi-taxon analysis of European Red Lists reveals major threats to biodiversity. PloS One. 18. e0293083. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0293083.

Holguin G. A., Lehman B. L., Hull L. A., Jones V. P., Jones V. P., Park J. 2010. Electronic Traps for Automated Monitoring of Insect Populations. IFAC Proceedings 43: 49–54. https://doi.org/ 10.3182/20101206-3-jp-3009.00008.

IPBES 2019. Global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. IPBES secretariat, Bonn, Germany. https://www.ipbes.net/global-assessment (accessed09.11.2023).

Jansson N. 2009. Habitat requirements and preservation of the beetle assemblages associated with hollow oaks. Doctoral Thesis. Linköping University, Linköping Joppa L.N. 2015. Technology for nature conservation: An industry perspective. Ambio 44, Supplement 4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-015-0702-4.

König C., Szallies A., Steidle J.L.M., Tolasch T. 2016. Sex Pheromone of the Rare Click Beetle Betarmon bisbimaculatus. Journal of Chemical Ecology. 42: 55–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-015-0661-z.

Larsson M. C., Hedin J., Svensson G. P., Tolasch T., Francke W. 2003. Characteristic odor of Osmoderma eremita identified as a malereleased pheromone. Journal of Chemical Ecology. 29: 575–587.

Larsson M. C., Svensson G.P., Ryrholm N. 2009. Insect pheromones and conservation: monitoring rare and threatened insects with pheromone attractants. In M. J. Samways, M. A. McGeoch, & T. T. New (Eds.), Insect Ecology and Conservation: a handbook of approaches and methods. Oxford University Press. pp. 114-116.

Larsson M. C. 2016. Pheromones and Other Semiochemicals for Monitoring Rare and Endangered Species. Journal of Chemical Ecology. 42: 853–868. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-016-0753-4.

Lihoreau M., N. Raine A. Reynolds R., Stelzer K., Lim A., Smith J. Osborne, Chittka L. 2012. Radar tracking and motionsensitive cameras on flowers reveal the development of pollinator multi-destination routes over large spatial scales. PloS Biology. 10:e1001392.

Losey J.E., Vaughan M. 2006. The Economic Value of Ecological Services Provided by Insects. BioScience. 56: 311–323. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2006)56[311:TEVOES]2.0.CO;2.

Maffey G., Homans H., Banks K., Arts K. 2015. Digital technology and human development: A charter for nature conservation. Ambio. 44, supplement 4: 527–537. https://doi/org/10.1007/s13280-015-0703-3.

Maurizi E., Campanaro A., Chiari S., Maura M., Mosconi F., Sabatelli S., Zauli A., Audisio P., Carpaneto G.M. 2017. Guidelines for the monitoring of Osmoderma eremita and closely related species. In: Carpaneto, G. M., Audisio, P., Bologna, M. A., Roversi, P. F., Mason, F. (Eds.) Guidelines for the Monitoring of the Saproxylic Beetles protected in Europe. Nature Conservation. 20: 79–128. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.20.12658.

Merckx T., Slade E.M. 2014. Macro-moth families differ in their attraction to light: implications for light-trap monitoring programmes. Insect Conservation and Diversity. 7: 453–461. https://doi.org/10.1111/icad.12068.

Miller J. R., McGhee P. S., Siegert P. Y., Adams C. G., Huang J., Grieshop M. J., Gut, L. J. 2010. General principles of attraction and competitive attractionas revealed by large-cage studies ofmoths responding to sexpheromone. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107: 22–27.

Mosconi F., Campanaro A., Carpaneto G.M., Chiari S., Hardersen S., Manci ni E., Maurizi E., Sabatelli S., Zauli A., Mason F., Audisio P. 2017. Training of a dog for the monitoring of Osmoderma eremita. In: Carpaneto, G.M., Audisio, P., Bologna, M.A., Roversi, P.F., Mason, F. (Eds.) Guidelines for the Monitoring of the Saproxylic Beetles protected in Europe. Nature Conservation. 20: 237–264. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.20.12688.

Oleksa A., Ulrich W., Gawronski R. 2007. Host tree preference of hermit beetles in a network of rural avenues in Poland (Osmoderma eremita Scop., Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Polish Journal of Ecology. 55: 315–323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-012-9499-7.

Peuhu E., Thomssen P. M., Siitonen J. 2019. Comparison of three trap types in sampling saproxylic beetles living in hollow urban trees. Journal of Insect Conservation. 23: 75–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-018-0115-3.

Poland T.M., Patel-Weynand T., Finch D.M., Ford Miniat Ch., Hayes D.C, Lopez V.M. 2021. Invasive Species in Forests and Rangelands of the United States. A Comprehensive Science Synthesis for the United States Forest Sector. Springer. Cham, Pp. xlii + 455. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45367-1.

Preti M., Verheggen F., Angeli S. 2021. Insect pest monitoring with cameraequipped traps: strengths and limitations. Journal of Pest Science. 94: 203‒217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-020-01309-4.

Ramalingam B., Mohan R.E., Pookkuttath S., Gómez B.F., Sairam Borusu S.S. C., Wee Teng T., Tamilselvam Y.K. 2020. Remote Insects Trap Monitoring System Using Deep Learning Framework and IoT. Sensors. 20: 5280. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20185280.

Ranius T., Jansson N. 2002. A comparison of three methods to survey saproxylic beetles in hollow oaks. Biodiversity and Conservation. 11: 1759–1771. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1020343030085.

Ranius T. 2002. Osmoderma eremita as an indicator of species richness of beetles in tree hollows. Biodiversity and Conservation. 11: 931–941. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015364020043.

Ranius T., Aguado L.O., Antonsson K., Audisio P., Ballerio A., Carpaneto G.M., Chobot K., Gjurašin B., Hanssen O., Huijbregts H., Lakatos F., Martin O., Neculiseanu Z., Nikitsky N.B., Paill W., Pirnat A., Rizun V., Ruicanescu A., Stegner J., Süda I., Szwalko P., Tamutis V., Telnov D., Tsinkevich V., Versteirt V., Vignon V., Vögeli M., Zach P. 2005. Osmoderma eremita (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae) in Europe. Animal Biodiversity and Conservation. 28: 1–44.

Rassati D., Faccoli M., Chinellato F., Hardwick S., Suckling D. M., Battisti A. 2016. Web‐based automatic traps for early detection of alien wood‐boring beetles. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 160: 91–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/eea.12453.

Ray A.M., Barbour J.D., McElfres, J.S., Moreira J.A., Swift I., Wright I.M., Zunic A., Mitchell R.F., Graham E.E., Alten R.L., Millar J.G., Hanks L.M. 2012. 2,3-Hexanediols as sex attract ants and a female-produced sex pheromone for cerambycid beetles in the genus Tragosoma. Journal of Chemical Ecology. 38: 1151–1158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-012-0181-z.

Ray A.M., Arnold R.A., Swift I., Schapker P.A., McCann S., Marshall C.J., McElfresh J.S., Millar J.G. 2014. (R)-Desmolactone is a sex pheromone or sex attractant for the endangered valley elderberry longhorn beetle Desmocerus californicus dimorphus and several congeners (Cerambycidae: Lepturinae). Plos One. 9: 115498. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0115498.

Schrader M.J., Smytheman P., Beers E.H., Khot L.R. 2022. An Open-Source Low-Cost Imaging System Plug-In for Pheromone Traps Aiding Remote Insect Pest Population Monitoring in Fruit Crops. Machines. 10: 52. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10010052.

Schuldt A., Assmann T. 2010. Invertebrate diversity and national responsibility for species conservation across Europe – A multi-taxon approach. Biological Conservation. 143: 2747–2756.

Simberloff D. 1998. Flagships, umbrellas, and keystones: Is single-species management passé in the landscape era? Biological Conservation. 83: 247–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3207(97)00081-5.

Smetana A. 2006. Subfamily Cetoniinae Leach, 1815. In: Lӧbl, I., Smetana, A. (Eds.) Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Volume3, Scarabaeoidea, Scirtoidea, Dascilloidea, Buprestoidea, Byrrhoidea. Apollo Books. Stenstrup, pp.283–313.

Speight M.C.D. 1989. Saproxylic invertebrates and their conservation. Nature and environment. 42. Strasbourg, Council of Europe. pp. 81.

Stokland J.N., Siitonen J., Jonsson B.G. 2012. Biodiversity in dead wood. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 524 p. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139025843.

Suto J. 2022. Codling moth monitoring with camera-equipped automated traps: A review. Agriculture. 12: 1721. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12101721.

Suto J. 2023. Improving the generalization capability of YOLOv5 on remote sensed insect trap images with data augmentation. Multimedia Tools and Applications. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-16578-1.

Svensson G.P., Oleksa A., Gawronski R., Lassance J.M., Larsson M.C. 2009. Enantiomeric conservation of the male-produced sex pheromone facilitates monitoring of threatened European hermit beetles (Osmoderma spp.). Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 133: 276–282.

Svensson G.P., Liedtke C., Hedenstrom E., Breistein P., Bång J., Larsson M.C. 2012. Chemical ecology and insect conservation: optimising pheromonebased monitoring of the threatened saproxylic click beetle Elater ferrugineus. Journal of Insect Conservation. 16: 549–555.

Tauzin P. 1994a. Le genre Osmoderma Le Peletier et Audinet-Serville 1828 (Coleopt., Cetoniidae, Trichiinae, Osmodermatini). Systématique, biologie et distribution (Première partie). L’Entomologiste. 50: 195–214.

Tauzin P. 1994b. Le genre Osmoderma Le Peletier et Audinet-Serville 1828 (Coleopt., Cetoniidae, Trichiinae, Osmodermatini). Systématique, biologie et distribution (Deuxièmepartie). L’Entomologiste. 50: 217–242.

Telnov D., Matrozis R. 2012. Cultural heritage at the service of nature conservation. Osmoderma barnabita Motschulsky, 1845 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) migration corridor in Rīga, Latvia. Latvijas Entomologs. 51: 63–79.

Tittensor D.P., Walpole M., Hill S.L.L., Boyce D.G., Britten G.L., Butchart S.H.M., Leadley P.W., Regan E.C., Alkemade R., Baumung R., Bellard C., Bouwman L., Bowles-Newark N.J., Chenery A.M., Cheung W.W.L., Christensen V., Cooper H.D., Crowther A.R., Dixon M.J.R., Galli A., Gaveau V., Gregory R.D., Gutierrez N.L., Hirsch T.L., Höft R., Januchowski-Hartley S.R., Karmann M., Krug C.B., Leverington F.J., Loh J., Lojenga R.K., Malsch K., Marques A., Morgan D.H.W., Mumby P.J., Newbold T., Noonan-Mooney K., Pagad S.N., Parks B.C., Pereira H.M., Robertson T., Rondinini C., Santini, L. Scharlemann J.P.W., Schindler S., Sumaila U.R., Teh L.S.L., van Kolck J., Visconti P., Ye Y. 2014. A midterm analysis of progress toward international biodiversity targets. Science. 346: 241–244 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1257484.

Tolasch T., von Fragstein M., Steidle J.LM. 2007. Sex pheromone of Elater ferrugineus L. (Coleoptera: Elateridae). Journal of Chemical Ecology. 33: 2156–2166.

Tolasch T., König C., von Fragstein M. Steidle J.L.M. 2013. Identification of the sex pheromone of Idoluspicipennis (Bach, 1852) revealed the presence of a cryptic sibling species. Journal of Chemical Ecology. 39: 1433–1440. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-013-0360-6.

Vignon V., Asmode J.-F., Rapaport P. 2004. Heterogeneity of the spatial distribution of Osmoderma eremita (Scopoli, 1763) populations in a hedgerow network (France, Normandy). Proceedings of the 3rdSymposium and Workshop on the Conservation of Saproxylic Beetles. (Riga/Latvia, 07–11 July 2004). pp. 109–115.

Vrdoljak S.M., Samways M.J. 2012. Optimising coloured pan traps to survey flower visiting insects. Journal of Insect Conservation. 16: 345–354. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-011-9420-9.

Wall J., Wittemyer G., Klinkenberg B., Douglas-Hamilton I. 2014. Novel opportunities for wildlife conservation and research with real-time monitoring. Ecological Applications. 24: 593–601.

Yan Q., Kanegae A., Miyachi T., Naka H., Tatsuta H, Ando T. 2015. Female sex pheromones of two Japanese saturniid species, Rhodinia fugax and Loepasakaei: Identification, synthesis, and field evaluation. Journal of Chemical Ecology. 41, 1–8.

Zauli, A., Chiari, S., Hedenstrom, E., Svensson, G.P., Carpaneto, G.M. 2014. Using odour traps for population monitoring and dispersal analysis of the threatened saproxylic beetles Osmoderma eremita and Elater errugineus in central Italy. Journal of Insect Conservation. 18: 801–813.

Statistics

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.
Recommend Articles